Illegal Immigration †Facts That We All Should Know - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1717 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Illegal Immigration Essay Did you like this example? The country that today we call The United States of America was discovered by Columbus in the 1492. Most of the Americans take pride that they come from different ethnic background and culture. However, since 1882 when President Chester A. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Illegal Immigration – Facts That We All Should Know" essay for you Create order Arthur singed the law to band most of the Chinese immigrants also all the criminals and the mentally ill people to enter the United States but is also know as the start of the illegal immigration. (Lui, 20 April 2009) Today, there are only a few people that can experience the American dream and the rest are forced to immigrate illegally. The Illegal immigration is costing the country more problems than benefits and the reason I am saying this is because of everything that I read while during the research for this paper. In this paper I want to talk about some of the problems caused like: crimes, terrorism, jobs. The crimes that are done by illegal immigrations have different forms and shapes. From the first time that they cross the border without permission is against the law and is a misdemeanor civil offense and if this person is caught for a second time is a felony. By this we understand that from the first moment that they come to the United States they start the life with a crime. (Illegal Immigration Laws, 20 April 2009) According to some fact given by US Political Action Committee there are around 20 million illegal criminal immigrants presently in the U.S and they constitute over 25% of the federal prison population. Only in Los Angeles 95% of all warrants for homicide target illegal immigrants. Also, based on the fact given by the same source there are approximately 400,000 illegal immigrants who have committed a crime and have been given a deportation order but they are still at large in the U.S and their whereabouts are unknown. (USA, 21 April 2009) As P.F Wagner says in his report there are 12 U.S citizens lives that die in a violent death at the hands of murderous illegal immigrants each day and another 13 Americans are killed each day by uninsured drunk driving illegals. And do not forget to add to this numbers another eight American children who suffer the horror as victims of sex crimes. (Wagner, 21 April 2009) In the reports of the analysis of 1,500 violent crimes done by the researcher Deborah Schurman-Kauflin PhD and based on a figure of 12 million illegal immigrations and the fact that more of this population is male her study breaks down this way: 525,000 or 35 %, were child molestations 358,000 or 24 %, were rapes 617,000 or 41 %, were sexual homicides and serial murders In those instances, the illegal immigrants typically gained access to the victims after having worked as a day laborer at or near the victims homes, she says. Victims ranged in age from 1 year old to 13 years old, with the average age being 6. In her examination of the sex-related homicides, Schurman-Kauflin noted: The murders were the worst of the sex crimes and were especially vicious. The most common method was for an offender to break into a residence and ambush his victims. Not only were victims raped, but some (6%) were mutilated. The crime scenes were very bloody, expressing intense, angry perpetrator personalities. Specifically, most victims were blitzed, rendered incapable of fighting back, and then raped and murdered. The most common method of killing was bludgeoning, followed by stabbing. Caucasians were more likely to become victims of sexual homicide committed by illegal immigrants. Hispanics were second and African Americans were third. (Schurman-Kauflin, 22 April 2009) The lives of many law enforcement officers have been lost by the hands of illegal criminal immigrants while they were trying to protect our country and the American citizens. Ten lives were taken in October 2003 in the Washington Dc area when an illegal immigrant that failed to be deported to his country choose his victims randomly and kill them with a sniper. (Crime Victims of Illegal Aliens) DC Sniper Victims We all remember the 9/11 when many innocent people woke up that morning to start their routine day but they did not know that they were not come back home again. It is worth saying that three out of four people that hijack the planes that day to hit the towers where illegal immigrants. That day 2,751 Americans were killed. 9/11 Attack As Kenneth R Timmerman noted in a June 2006 article, Broken, on a Homeland Security publication, The report reveals that 45,008 aliens from countries on the U.S. list of state-sponsors of terror or from countries that protected terrorist organizations and their members, were released into the general public between 2001 and 2005, even though immigration officers couldnt confirm their identity. Timmberman, 19 April 2009) According to Global Security.org in their report on sleeper cells: As late as February 2004, one report claimed that Al Qaeda sleeper cells were believed to be operating in 40 states, according to the FBI and other federal authorities, awaiting orders and funding for new attacks in the United States. On July 8, 2004 a Senior Intelligence Official stated: There is intelligence that al-Qaeda has individuals dispersed worldwide, and worldwide would include the United States, that are they are using in order to facilitate the operational planning necessary to carry out attacks successfully. (Global Security, 17 April 2009) Things like this may happened again and maybe much worse if we do not make our borders stronger, have a better identification for people in and out of our country. People think that illegal immigrants are doing jobs that Americans wont but according to Gordon Hanson, professor and director of the center on Pacific Economies at UC San Diego in a community survey which said that 68% of construction labors, 73% of dishwashers and 74% of janitors are native American citizens, proving that Americans are willing to do this kind of jobs. (All Americans, 25 April 2009) (Scherer, 26 April 2009) If we take a look to the Wall Street investment firm Bear Stearns they published a report that shows that the illegal immigrant in the U.S is roughly the same with the population of New York State. IRS every year fails to collect $35 billion taxes because of the number of jobs that are off the books. ( Justich, 20 April 2009) As Frosty Wooldridge cited in Our Country Coming Undone: Illegal immigration hurts Americas poor. In a recent account in the New York Times, Black children suffered 50% greater poverty in the past 10 years due to immigration. Illegal immigrants compete for jobs normally done by Americas poor. A study by the Center for Immigrants Studies wrote that Mexican Immigration is overwhelmingly unskilled and it’s hard to find an economic argument for unskilled immigrants because it tends to reduce wages for U.S workers. (Woodldridge, 15 April 2009) † A study of 65 rural communities in Californias San Joaquin Valley between 1980 and 1990, found that the addition of 100 farm jobs resulted in an additional 139 people including immigrants, their families and area residents living in poverty. (The dark Side, 12 April 2009) This statistic is driven by the low wages paid to the farm worker, who intern is then unable to support dependents, creating the social welfare problem. A Rand study looked at the nine million net new jobs created in Ca lifornia from 1960 to 1990. It found that three-fourths of the new jobs were filled by workers with at least some college education, and almost all of the rest were filled by high school graduates. (The dark Side, 12 April 2009) Furthermore, the share filled by workers with some college education has risen over the years, the Rand study found. By the 1980s, some 96% of net new jobs were filled by such workers. According to a survey by the University of California at San Francisco and the Field Institute, Latinos are much less likely to benefit from the states explosion in job growth because they are less likely to finish high school or attend college. (The dark Side, 12 April 2009) According to the survey, 56% of the states Latinos had an education level of high school or lower, compared to 28% of African-americans, 14% of whites, and 11% of Asians. The data show that in Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx counties with a major increase of immigrants median income fell sharply. In Queens, according to the data, the median household income fell from $44,938 in 1989, to $36,480 in 1998, a drop of nearly 19%, while in Brooklyn it fell by 18%, from $33,762 to $27,556. In Los Angeles County, where there has been a surge of immigrants from Mexico, median income fell in constant dollars from $45,962 in 1989 to $37,655 in 1998, a decline of 18%. (The dark Side, 12 April 2009) The total K-12 school expenditure for illegal immigrants costs the states $7.4 billion annually—enough to buy a computer for every junior high student nationwide. (Greenhouse, 22 April 2009) Illegal alien households are estimated to use $2,700 a year more in services than they pay in taxes, creating a total fiscal burden of nearly $10.4 billion on the federal budget in 2002. Among the largest federal costs: Medicaid ($2.5 billion); treatment for the uninsured ($2.2 billion); food assistance programs ($1.9 billion); the federal prison and court systems ($1.6 billion); and federal aid to schools ($1.4 billion). If illegal aliens were legalized and began to pay taxes and use services like legal immigrants with the same education levels, the estimated annual fiscal deficit at the federal level would increase from $2,700 per household to nearly $7,700, for a total federal deficit of $29 billion. Because many of the costs are due to their U.S.-born children, who are awarded U.S. citizenship at birth, barring illegally themselves from federal programs will not significantly reduce costs. Although they create a net drain on the federal government, the average illegal household pays more than $4,200 a year in federal taxes, for a total of nearly $16 billion. However, they impose annual costs of more than $26.3 billion, or about $6,950 per illegal household. About 43 percent, or $7 billion, of the federal taxes illegals pay go to Social Security and Medicare. (Economics Costs, 28 April 2009) Illegal immigration is a problem and must be stopped so we can avoid any negative on the other countries and the U.S. It is an economic drain on the U.S and is degrading the condition of American society as a whole. . Frank Sharry, of the liberal National Immigration Forum has said, There is virtually a national consensus that illegal immigration is a problem. With this in mind, in a few years, there will be new policies implemented that will virtually wipe out illegal immigration, mainly focused on preventing illegal aliens from acquiring jobs. (Sharry, 30April 2009)

Business Management Dissertation Topics (2018) Free Essays

string(123) " the methods employed by countries to enhance international competitiveness for FDI: A case study of Sub-Saharan Africa 2\." our site ~ Business Management Dissertation Topics Business Dissertation Topics 1.0. Introduction Business Dissertation Topics ~ Hundreds of Topics absolutely FREE The aim of this guide is to assist in selecting business management dissertation topics and to provide practical advice on how to go about writing a dissertation. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Management Dissertation Topics (2018) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Business dissertations incorporate numerous topics covering various aspects of business studies. Typically, writing a business dissertation involves questions such as how to report the features of the design and how to adequately report research results. Consequently, the latter part of the guide serves as a handy reference source to navigate the writer through the process. 2.0. Categories and subsequent list of dissertation titles 2.1. Business, Government and society 2.1.1. Measuring and evaluating whether or not there is a causal relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance 2.1.2. Is reputation-building the paramount reason why business leaders integrate CSR into their overall business strategiesThe case of Nike 2.1.3. Assessing the effects of evolving consumer expectations of corporate philanthropy on the shareholder and stakeholder primacy models of CSR 2.1.4. An assessment of the implications of societal perceptions of corporate influence in determining governmental decision-making processes. The case of Shell in the Niger Delta 2.1.5. Can Governments effectively prevent the formulation of monopolies and curb unfair practices of large corporations. The case of Microsoft 2.1.6. An assessment of Obama’s health care reforms: Are intentions to drive down healthcare costs for corporations and government, whilst protecting the profits of insurance companies a viable strategy? 2.1.7. In practice does the public good transcend the rights of individuals and firms to seek profit without regard to societal consequences? 2.1.8. Is CSR is too vague and indeterminate for the corporation to truly fulfil the criteria it demands and make an effectual contribution to the community of its operations? 2.1.9. Creating shared value: How can corporate policies and practices enhance company competitiveness and simultaneously advance community social and economic conditions? 2.1.10. Does government maintenance of a high level of integrity and transparency correlate with creating an auspicious environment for private sector growth and investmentThe case of Tanzania 2.2. Organisational leadership 2.2.1. Do organisations need to concentrate on distinguishing leadership from management in order to achieve effective overall corporate strategies? 2.2.2. An evaluation of the Latern model as an integrated, systematic approach to organisational and successful leadership development 2.2.3. Does organisational leadership provide the functions of leadership to an organisationally beneficial degree than that of individual charismatic leadership on its own? 2.2.4. How does the micro and macro perspective of leadership provide insight into effective leadership characteristics required to sustain competitiveness on a continuous basis? 2.2.5. Is the development of a common language for team leadership and leadership amongst directors and managers the answer for enhanced teamwork on an organisational-wide basis? 2.2.6. An examination of the impact of organisational culture on leadership decision for organisational reinvention: The case of Nokia 2.2.7. An examination of a leadership paradigm proposing the coexistence of multiple leaders: Abandoning the traditional leader/follow concept for organisational leadership distribution to form communities of leaders along the chain of command 2.2.8. In difficult economic times how can leadership redefine organisational processes and leverage institutional and outside knowledge more effectively? 2.2.9. Can the success of 3M be attributed to a leadership philosophy to create an organisation equipped with the capabilities to continuously innovate, learn and renew? 2.2.10. The changing nature of leadership: Why humility and courage are two frequently cited words in relation to leadership in the 21st century? 2.3. Organisational behaviour 2.3.1. Goal setting: Are people more likely to perform relative to a goal if it is consistent with personal values and standards or will bring recognition or improved reputation? 2.3.2. An investigation into managerial measurement indicators for employee job satisfaction and the ability of the organisation to meet employee needs 2.3.3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of management tendency to attract and recruit people based on characteristics similar to established organisational patterns of behaviour or culture? 2.3.4. The correlation between organisational culture and firm performance: Does firm focus on building strong organisational culture outperform comparative firms lacking these characteristics? 2.3.5. An examination of ethical behaviour, the counter-norms and accepted practices developed by organisations: The reasons why individuals knowingly commit unethical actions 2.3.6. What is the relationship between the national culture and the commitment to organisational cultureThe case of Brazil 2.3.7. Examining the correlation between organisational culture, innovation, creativity and the likelihood of the successful implementation of ideas? 2.3.8. Is managerial behaviour imperative in the development of trust and belongingness for the facilitation of information sharing in the organisation? 2.3.9. An examination of employee perception of women’s adoption of stereotypically male leadership styles in traditionally male dominated organisational positions in the 21st century 2.3.10. Organisational agility: Is technological innovation the solution for survival in turbulent timesA study of mobile telecommunications 2.4. Global business environment 2.4.1. How do ethnic dimensions of employee behaviour impact on the profitability of the corporation in the international environment? 2.4.2. Examining the challenges of protecting electronic personally identifiable information in the global business environment. Achieving data protection harmony 2.4.3. Is Starbuck’s planned entry into India an example of organisational exhaustion of developed markets? 2.4.4. An assessment of approaches adopted by the tourist industry to screen the business environment for climate change and the actions taken to mitigate climate impact 2.4.5. Should corporations place greater emphasis on corporate diplomacy and increase negotiation skills investment for executives operating in the current volatile business environment? 2.4.6. An examination of the significance of corporate value chain structure and core business activity on management decision to adopt an International framework Agreement? 2.4.7. An assessment of FDI flows in difficult economic times: Why have FDI flows to developing and transitional economies remained more resilient than to developed economies? 2.4.8. Does geographical proximity of the host to the domestic country of investors reduce informational and managerial uncertainty? 2.4.9. An examination of the methods employed by countries to enhance international competitiveness for FDI: A case study of Sub-Saharan Africa 2.4.10. How does the characteristic of the organisation’s host country providing FDI impact the probability of the recipient country benefiting or losing from FDI opportunities? 2.5. Strategic management 2.5.1. An assessment of regional strategic management in the fast food restaurant industry: The global operations of McDonalds in the US, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa 2.5.2. An examination of the origin and nature of the management strategy influencing people to regularly communicate through networking sites. A case study of Facebook 2.5.3. Does the strategic difference between Amazon.com and eBay amount to the handling of physical goods with accepted ownership and â€Å"virtual† products without accepted ownership? 2.5.4. Is adaptive thinking the starting point of effective management strategy formulation for harmonious co-alignment between the corporation and the operating environment? 2.5.5. Are â€Å"resource-based† strategies dependent on the governance structure within which a firm can leverage its resources? 2.5.6. Is the ability to take a holistic perspective of the organisation and its environment the primary ingredient of strategic thinking and formulation? 2.5.7. Analysing hyper-competitiveness in contemporary business environments: Does hyper-competitiveness render determining systematic strategic direction for enterprises impossible? 2.5.8. Assessing considerations of stakeholder objectives in the strategic business process and how this varies between different cultures 2.5.9. Can planned, opportunistic or forced decisions really be considered as strategyA case study of the Chrysler and Daimler Benz merger 2.5.10. Can firm strategy be adapted to contextual external environment while simultaneously remaining internally consistentThe case of Sony 2.6. International Business strategy 2.6.1. An investigation into how push and pull factors combined to motivate Tesco to adapt an internationalisation strategy 2.6.2. Globalisation, e-strategies and performance: How can organisations develop a successful social media strategy in the international business environment? 2.6.3. Examining entry strategies of foreign companies in the Indian Android smartphone market. The case of Samsung Android phones 2.6.4. Determinants of multinational corporations’ choice of entry modes and formation of alliances: The Sri Lankan experience 2.6.5. How can banks enhance international connectivity with business customers: A study of HSBC? 2.6.6. An investigation of multinational corporations’ determinants of FDI in transitional economies. A case study of the Czech Republic 2.6.7. An exploration of the relationship between internationalisation and SME performance: The export behaviour and performance of SMEs in the German context 2.6.8. Implementing a cross-border management strategy: A study of foreign companies in the Malaysian telecommunication industry 2.6.9. How does offshore outsourcing of customer services affect customer satisfactionThe case of AOL customer services outsource to India 2.6.10. Identifying the drivers of Chinese business leader’s strategy for expansion into Africa. The resource-seeking and market-seeking perspective 2.7. Project management 2.7.1. An examination of project management effectiveness in project-oriented business organisations. The significance of leadership organisational structure and technical capacity 2.7.2. Is planning, organising, networking and informing the most significant managerial practices in the leadership behaviour of project managers? 2.7.3. An analysis of critical success factors in project management: Are client presentation methods of needs and expectations determinant of project success/failure? 2.7.4. A study of the capabilities required by project managers to effectively manage stakeholder relationships? 2.7.5. Project management in a multicultural environment: Establishing guides for culturally specific consulting 2.7.6. A project management perspective on capabilities to deliver MA projects on budget, to timescale and on expected synergies 2.7.7. Change management, project management and intervention: A study of Banco Santander internationalisation banking ventures 2.7.8. An assessment of the lifecycle management framework adopted by BAE Systems as a core business process approach for project management 2.7.9. Does outsourcing project management office functions improve organisationalA case study of the financial retail industry in India 2.7.10. An examination of the critical capabilities for outsourcing and offshoring information systems projects 2.8. Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2.8.1. An exploration of the synergies between entrepreneurship and innovation on organisational development in the E-commerce industry: A case study of Amazon.com 2.8.2. A study of firm resources, capabilities and internal firm conditions in strategic decisions to organise entrepreneurship for enhanced performance 2.8.3. An examination of social entrepreneurship and CSR as contributors to solving community problems. A case study of social enterprise development in South Africa 2.8.4. An explanation of organisational drivers of innovation and entrepreneurship: Exploring entrepreneurial innovation in the Chinese private sector 2.8.5. How does organisational approach to innovation and corporate entrepreneurship training interventions impact employee performance? 2.8.6. The impact of entrepreneurial characteristics on firm performance: Uncovering the characteristics of strategic entrepreneurship on the performance of Nigerian SMEs 2.8.7. The exploration and exploitation of knowledge management and intrapreneurship and the linkage with competitive dynamics. A case study of Sony PlayStation 2.8.8. An assessment of leadership role in fostering organisational cultural components for enhancing innovation in the Malaysian public sector 2.8.9. The innovation relationship between organisation operational capabilities and market outcome. A case study of Proctor and Gamble 2.8.10. An exploration of innovation and entrepreneurship in family and non-family SMEs in the UK 2.9. Enterprise risk management 2.9.1. Is the relationship between Enterprise risk management and firm performance contingent on adequacies of internal controlInternal control mechanisms and firm financial performance in Ghana 2.9.2. An analysis of deficiencies in internal controls and risk management systems in financial institutions. A study of Lehman Brother’s bankruptcy 2.9.3. Assessing the effects of culture on the enterprise risk management of business managers in the Mexican oil and gas industry 2.9.4. Addressing corporate governance and organisational risk management challenges in the Caribbean. A study of risk management structures in Jamaica 2.9.5. A comparative study of risk management and information security in non-financial SMEs operating in the US and UK 2.9.6. A consideration of risk management, configuration management and change management as an integrated framework for delivery of IT security in organisational operations 2.9.7. Examining enterprise-wide risk management practices and the implications of communicating the strategy across the organisation’s business or between departments 2.9.8. An investigation into stakeholder pressure on organisations to implement or refine enterprise risk management strategy. A study of Zurich Financial Services 2.9.9. Is protection against loss and damage to reputation the most important potential benefit of an ERM strategyA case study of the UK insurance industry 2.9.10. An analysis of risk management in senior management decisions. A case study of French banks 2.10. International human resource management 2.10.1. Multinational subsidiaries and the configuration of human resources management. The case of Spanish banks in Latin America 2.10.2. An assessment of the trends towards the coordination of management practices in multinational corporations: The contribution of multinational firms to the development of standardised international best practices in HRM 2.10.3. Evaluating the multinational corporation balancing act of developing standardised policies with the pressures to be responsive to the peculiarities of the local context. A case study of international banking 2.10.4. Examining the cultural effects of knowledge transfer in multinational subsidiaries. Is inter-subsidiary knowledge transfers likely to be most effective in subsidiaries located in similar cultural contexts? 2.10.5. Moderating the influence of cultural on relationships between strategic human resources management practices, motivation and organisational performance. A study of multinational corporations in Kenya 2.10.6. Is there a distinctive Chinese approach to human resources managementA study of international resources management in Chinese multinational enterprises 2.10.7. An investigation of the dynamics of trust on international human resources management practices in shaping organisational performance 2.10.8. Developing measurements of firm strategy to assist in the importance of international HRM alignment for the achievement of maximum firm performance 2.10.9. The impact of international human resources practices and organisational culture on managerial effectiveness in multinational corporations in India 2.10.10. Is centralisation, coordination and decentralisation the solution for achieving a successful interplay of IHRM strategy for centralised control and responsiveness to local circumstancesA case study of Siemens 3.0. How to structure a business dissertation Title Page Dedication Acknowledgements Abstract: A summary of the dissertation Table of Contents Introduction: Introduces the study and summaries the state of area prior to the research. This section outlines the problem(s) to be investigated, the aims and objectives of the research and describes the methodologies used. Additionally, an outline of the overall dissertation structure may be included. Literature Review: This accounts the previously written, published and unpublished literature on the selected research topic. The purpose of conducting a review on the existing knowledge and ideas on the topic is to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the research area whilst defining a guiding concept for the dissertation. To achieve this, four important steps must be followed: concentrate on the relevant theories; break down the topic and define key terms; examine recent research in the area; and conclude with the research questions that will be resolved in the study. Methodology: This section is designed to give the reader a coherent, clear and precise account of how the study was conducted. The section is composed of number of sub-sections which should include: research philosophy, research approach, research strategy, data collection and any problems encountered in the data gathering process, data reliability, validity and generalizability, and finally, ethical issues and possible limitations with the research. Results: An essential tip for this section is to only report the findings of the study in the most appropriate manner, resisting in the process the temptation to interpret or draw conclusions. Discussion: The interpretation of the results is undertaken in this section. The first task is to state what the results of the study are by outlining the findings. Account for the findings by indicating whether or not the research hypothesis has been supported. The second task involves linking the results with the evidence discussed in the literature review. Finally, explore the implications of the findings with regards to the research questions together with consideration of the direction and form that future research should take. Conclusion: This section provides a summary to the overall study and final comments and judgements. The final comment should entail making suggestions for improvement and speculations for future research. References: Approval should be sought from University for appropriate layout Appendices: This section contains graphs and diagrams used when writing the dissertation. The purpose of appendices is essentially to enable the expansion of information only included in abbreviated format in the body of the dissertation. Make sure that vital information is not mentioned here for the first time. Also, make sure you review Free Dissertation Topics and let us know how our site can help you. How to cite Business Management Dissertation Topics (2018), Essays

What Electronic Data Interchange Essay Example

What Electronic Data Interchange Essay I will expand on what Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is (conventional and internet based) and share with you some of the benefits and downfalls of operating such a system. Some of the benefits are lower costs, improved accuracy, and decreased paper output and processing time. One main downfall is the initial cost of the implementation of the system. I will also give you an example of how a company uses this technology. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) as defined by Roger Clarke: the exchange of documents in standardized electronic form, between organizations, in an automated manner, directly from a computer application in one organization to an application in another. EDI has been around for several decades and it has been the primary method of conducting electronic business-to-business commerce. It contains the same information that would be found on paper documents used for the same function within an organization. The following are elements of EDI: We will write a custom essay sample on What Electronic Data Interchange specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Electronic Data Interchange specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Electronic Data Interchange specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * Electronic transmission medium (VAN or the Internet) is used rather than the dispatch of physical storage media such as magnetic tapes and disks. * Structured, formatted messages based on agreed standards (messages can be translated, interpreted and checked). * Fast delivery of electronic documents within hours or minutes from sender to receiver. * Communication directly between applications rather than between computers. Conventional EDI Conventional EDI uses standard formats, American National Standards Institutes (ANSIs) X12 series, which specifies standard fields for invoices, purchase orders, shipping documents, payments and various other data transactions. The EDI software pulls flat files (where links to other data have been removed) from the mainframe systems such as financial and/or order-processing and translates the data into EDI standard forms. Then companies transmit large batches of EDI forms over a third-party value-added network (VAN). VANs make the job of connecting with other trading partners, organizations that receive or send documents from each other, easier by collecting forms in an electronic mailbox. It then sorts, translates and forwards them to recipients and guarantees that they reach their destinations intact. Benefits of conventional EDI are large companies can reduce the amount of errors in relation to re-keying information and decreasing the time and clerical costs of processing paper forms by hand. EDI standards and technologies are dependable, trusted and proven. Information is sent on private lines that have very little exposure to the public and in turn are relatively secure. Also, large volumes of data are moved efficiently through batch transfer of flat files, and established VANs help ease finding trading partners and connecting to their systems. Downfalls of conventional EDI are companies have to link their back-office systems to the EDI software, and then it has to synchronize protocols with their trading partners systems. Compatibility with new applications is difficult because of the complexity of the X12 formats. As a result of the compatibility the process of transferring large batches of data are delayed, which is at odds with todays real-time world. Also, the cost of transmitting data through VANs is very costly at $25 per 1,000 characters, but today costs are getting lower. Because conventional EDI is so rigid, costly and time consuming to initiate, it is only cost-effective for very large companies. For these reasons it keeps the number of EDI participants relatively very low. EDI via the Internet The internet was once thought to be the end of EDI, but instead it has given EDI users new options. EDI via the internet is basically the same as conventional EDI with the exception of how the information is transmitted. EDI transactions can now be sent over the internet instead of sending X12 forms back and forth via VANs. Software products put transactions into encrypted envelopes and then electronically seal them so that only authorized parties with the encryption key can view the contents. The envelopes are then sent over the public internet instead of privately owned VANs. Benefits of sending the transactions over the internet instead of via VANs are it can drastically reduce transmission costs and it is much faster. Also, most companies already have internet access and therefore would not have to pay additional costs to transmit batches over the internet. This would make it easier to attract new trading partners, like mom and pop stores, that have internet connections, but do not have the revenue to invest in VANs. Downfalls of EDI via the internet are questions raised about security, like confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and denial of having sent or received transactions. Security is only a concern for some not all EDI managers. Another downfall is that the required software must be the same for trading partners at both ends. They must install the same software and coordinate their upgrade cycles. Efforts are being made to make systems compatible and create requirements for EDI over the internet standards, but this takes time and therefore companies are limited to firm EDI formats. Example of EDI Large companies like Wal-Mart Stores Inc. have an EDI-based stock-replenishment system, which sends sales data to suppliers and initiates reordering of hot-selling items. This drastically reduces retailers warehouse inventory costs. Also, this system tells the manufacturers warehouse to ship product direct to a specific retail location. Typical information in a transmission includes a ship to address, bill to address, UPC codes, and quantities. Other information can be included if agreed upon by the trading parties. This process is also practiced by fields such as medicine, transportation, construction, engineering as well as many other industries. The full potential of an EDI system can be best utilized if it is integrated with other applications such as inventory control, shipping, accounts payable and production planning. Unfortunately, suppliers are forced to use the sometimes costly EDI system in order to continue a business relationship with the larger companies. This is not always as cost-effective for suppliers as it is for the larger companies. Summary EDI saves time because it is faster at transmitting data, delivers data with the utmost accuracy, cuts down on paper usage and decreases overall time by eliminating re-keying of information. It is a more stream-lined business process for both trading parties. Benefits can be obtained in areas like administration, inventory management, distribution, and cash management. EDI has its share of problems, but its benefits far exceed them. With the internet it is becoming easier for trading partners to transmit data at a much greater reduced cost to both parties. The next few years hold great promise for EDI and the internet. Existing EDI forms can be kept by trading partners and new ways of transmitting data can be found cheaper, which will enable more new partners.

Explain How a Job Analysis Is Used to Create a Job Description Essay Example

Explain How a Job Analysis Is Used to Create a Job Description Essay Example Explain How a Job Analysis Is Used to Create a Job Description Essay Explain How a Job Analysis Is Used to Create a Job Description Essay Explain How a Job Analysis is used to create a Job Description The team was comfortable differentiating between job analysis and job design. Most of us, as first level supervisors, have some to little input into the job analysis but usually have much more input into the job design. The team was comfortable comprehending the objective of how a job analysis is used to create a job description. Several of the team members have had some sort of experience with job analysis or at least were comfortable with the concept. From the reading, we learned that the purpose of job analysis is to â€Å"specify the work to be done and the personal characteristics that are required to do the work† (Cascio, 2010, p. 167). Human Resources (HR) will develop the job analysis based on the needs of the customer. We also learned that HR will use the customer’s requirements to conduct a thorough job analysis to determine the tasks, experience level, and other job characteristics or requirements of a job. Most students, in their jobs, do not have a hand in analyzing what was needed for a certain tasks received from higher leadership, but instead had to fill the task with the most qualified person. Another student, in his role as a manager, has developed statements of work and the job descriptions for each required position. This student has used the technique numerous times throughout his career. The group agrees that a proper and legal job analysis is best summed up by two statement â€Å"To ensure job relatedness, employers must be able to link required knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (measures of which candidates actually are assessed on) to essential job functions† and â€Å"Finally, recognize that under the ADA it is imperative to distinguish â€Å"essential† from â€Å"nonessential† functions prior to announcing a job or interviewing applicants. Cascio, 2010, p. 169). Explain the Functions of a Job Description Like the first objective, the team was comfortable with the explanation of a job description. The functions of a job description was a simple topic to understand. We learned from the reading that the job description is a direct result of job analysis (Cascio, 2011, p. 167). Most of us have had at some time dealt with job or duty descriptions as part of our jobs. In fact each of us, when we applied for our jobs, had to read and understand the details and requirements of the job description. Two student have had a hand in creating job descriptions for positions on contracts that they have worked on or managed. Job description shows the tasks required to fulfill customer requirements. Another student expressed how being in tune with the responsibilities of one’s’ job is critical for the success of the business. Goals are also essential, as they allow workers to understand what they are doing on a daily basis and how these goals relate to company objectives and the strategic plan. The readings introduced a couple of other job descriptions used today: behavioral and video. References Cascio, W. F. (2010). Managing human resources: Productivity, quality of work life, profits (8th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Retrieved from University of Phoenix Library website: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader. aspx

Definition and Examples of Primary Verbs in English

Definition and Examples of Primary Verbs in English The primary verbs in English grammar are the verbs be, have, and do- all three of which can function as either main verbs or auxiliary verbs. Primary verbs are sometimes referred to as ​primary auxiliaries. The Different Functions of Primary Verbs To BeMargaret is a brilliant student. (lexical verb)Margaret is applying to Yale. (auxiliary verb)To HaveFrank has a good job. (lexical verb)Frank has just returned from a business trip. (auxiliary verb)To DoNana does the crossword puzzle in the Sunday paper. (lexical verb)Nana doesnt go out much anymore. (auxiliary verb) Primary Verbs as Auxiliaries In one of their uses, the primary verbs precede a main, lexical verb. When used in this way, they may be said to be functioning as auxiliary verbs within the clause. This is illustrated in (17): (17a) He is speaking to her now.(17b) I have visited my grandmother every Christmas since I was a child.(17c) You didnt eat your lunch.In simple terms, auxiliary verbs are additional verbs (or helping verbs, as EFL teachers often say). In Modern English, primary be is used as an auxiliary in either the progressive construction, illustrated in (17a), or in the passive construction, illustrated in (18):(18) She was spoken to yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, have appears in perfect constructions, as shown in (19):(19a) He has spoken to her.(19b) He had spoken to her yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, do appears in negative and interrogative constructions:(20a) I didnt speak to her yesterday.(20b) Did you speak to her yesterday? Notice that it is the job of the primary verb to carry the tense inflection for the entire verb phrase (VP), while the main verb conveys the semantic content. Primary Verbs and Modal Verbs Primary and modal verbs do not follow the same grammatical rules. In particular: Primaries have -s forms; modals do not:is has, doesPrimaries have nonfinite forms; modals do not:to be, being, been(David Crystal, Rediscover Grammar, 3rd ed. Pearson Longman, 2003)​ Be as Auxiliary of the Progressive and of the Passive [I]n a sense we can answer the question of how many primary auxiliaries there are with either four or three; the verb be does double duty as the auxiliary of the progressive and the auxiliary of the passive. Since these are quite different functions, and since it is quite easy to distinguish them, it is best to view them as two different primary auxiliaries which have the same form. It is easy to distinguish the two uses. First of all, the progressive be and the passive be are followed by different forms of the verb, ing form (be eating) and part (be eaten), respectively. Second, passive sentences have some particular characteristics: for instance, in a passive sentence you can usually have a by phrase (be eaten by a shark).Functions of DoWe often use the verb do as a stand-in auxiliary, much in the same way as we use primary and modal auxiliaries. Like primary verbs, it can function as an auxiliary or as a principal verb because it has a full verb inflectional paradigm.Do as an auxi liary verb:This! Why, father, what do you mean? This is home! [Porter]Does everybody at the academy dress like that? [Gogol] Do as a lexical verb:But that the most acceptable service of God is doing good to man. [Franklin]Sane people did what their neighbors did so that if any lunatics were at large, one might know and avoid them. [Eliot]The thick iron ferrule is worn down, so it is evident that he has done a great amount of walking with it. [Doyle] Because of the flexibility of this verb (it is also used to form questions, negatives, and for emphasis), it is important to pay close attention to how it is used. When it is used as an auxiliary, like the primary and modal verbs, it will occupy the initial position in the verb phrase, and there will always be a non-finite lexical verb to follow. When it is used as a lexical verb, it may be preceded by an auxiliary verb or simply stand alone. Sources Martin J.  Endley,  Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar: A Guide for EFL Teachers. Information Age Publishing, 2010 Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge,  Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010 Bernard ODwyer,  Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. Broadview Press, 2000

The Difference Between Licensing and Credentialing Assignment

The Difference Between Licensing and Credentialing - Assignment Example In addition, one must pay a fee of $100 for certification. In addition nurses are required to renew their national nursing certification after every two years upon which one must pay $75 as renewal fee. Additionally, nurses are required to have successfully completed thirty hours contact for ongoing education (Pennsylvania Department of State, 2013). On the contrary, the requirements for credentialing as an advance practice nurse may include; a license of a registered nurse as well as relevant education as specialist nurse. In addition, one must have met all the Pennsylvania regulatory requirements for an advanced clinical nurse (Zaccagnini & White, 2011). The multi-state licensure has the impact to both mobility of nurses and nursing practice among different states. In addition, multi-state licensure helps to improve delivery of health care. For example, it helps in carrying out telenursing (Sharpe, 2001). In addition, the legal process required to be licensed as well as be credentialed as advanced practice nurse may include: a person must have been licensed as a nurse. Secondly, one might be issued with a document that is separate from license by the Pennsylvania Board of Nursing. This document defines the scope of practice for an advanced nurse. Thirdly, a confirmation is obtained to from the Pennsylvania Board of Nursing to verify whether one has been authorized to practice as advanced nurse. In addition, one must collaborate with the entire nursing requirement as may define by the law (DeNisco, & Barker, 2013). Pennsylvania Department of State (2013).Nursing License Map: Nursing Licensure made Simple. Retrieved ; on 29th June

Economic Theory - Cost of Production Case study

Economic Theory - Cost of Production - Case Study Example On one side, where the construction of the plant would give employment to over 12000 people of the area and would expand the Indian car market by 65%( machinist.in.2008), the construction of the plant would result in a lot of resistance from the local farmers as they would lose their farmlands. Tata Motors would be left with only two options, either to continue with the construction of the plant against all the opposition or close down the project losing $340 million investment which has already been made in the project ( . Tata Motors developed a car Nano which is considered to be the cheapest car in the world. In order to mass produce the car, Tata chose the district of Singur to construct its plant but the decision invited a lot of opposition from the local farmers and political parties of Singur as they claimed that Tata Motors, with the help of government was taking their lands forcibly. The company is faced by the following external forces which are hindering its decision to construct the plant: Social forces: The local farmers are the one biggest force which is a hindrance in the development of the plant. The society is against the development of the plant, in spite of the fact that it would provide employment opportunities, because they are not content as they believe that their lands have been forcibly taken by the company to build the plant. Although Tata Motors have claimed that they have provided them with sufficient amount of compensation for the lands but the farmers are not convinced. The opposition is so intense that the farmers have damaged the factory building and have intimidated the employees of the plant in order to prevent them from working (Business Standard .2010). Political forces: The other threat which has put fuel to the fire is the political agency of the district which has joined hands with the local